How Does Jesus Show People Are More Important Than Law

‘How does Jesus show people are more important than the law? Do you agree? Explain why or why not. ‘ Jesus suggests that people are more important than the law through many of his actions and the things he preached, that went against or undermined the strict Laws the J swish society he was born into held to. Many of these actions and the things he said could be interpreted to mean that Jesus did not think these laws were not applicable in some circus dances anymore and so needn't be obeyed, resulting in him proportioning people, and more imp ardently, love, over some of the laws.Jesus first specifies that people have priority over law in Mark 2:2328, where h e states in particular Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. % This s suggests that he was challenging the ‘relinquishing society that the Pharisees had created, where it was no longer about keeping the laws to honor God and for the benefit of man, but instead about abiding to the laws and being pun ished if you didn't. In stating this, Jesus is e emphasizing this and suggesting that the laws were not the most important thing and mercy o n the people was more important if the laws were not kept than punishment.This idea is again submitted in John 8:1 1 1, where instead of punishing the adulterous woman, Jesus grants m Eric on her and instead says ‘Now go and leave your life of sin. ‘ This again implies people are more important than upholding the law, although it is obvious that each scenario is different and must be handled accordingly. Instead of emphasizing law as the most important thing, Jesus instead introduce sec Love as the most important commandment over keeping the law. This is made apparent I n Mark 12:2831, when Jesus stated the most important commandment is ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart, †¦ LU, †¦ Mind and †¦ Strength' and the second being ‘Love your neighbor our as yourself. ‘ Jesus goes on in Luke 10:2537 to specify that being someone's ‘neighbor' is h avian ‘mercy' on others, shown in the Parable of the Good Samaritan. Within this parable, J sees also depicts the ‘neighbor' as being an â€Å"enemy† of the injured man who broke the Jewish law by touching someone unclean (even though he himself was a Gentile so this din ‘t apply to him but applied to the injured man, whom his own society would have rejected), b UT was identified as doing the right thing even by the Jews listening to the story.Jesus is therefore emphasizing the value of humans over upholding the law, stemming from cacti Eng out of love for them. Jesus also impressed upon the disciples this concept of the laws no longer en ding to be â€Å"forced† upon people and therefore everything being allowed, but the laws ha vying our best interests in mind so keeping them should be for our benefit , and not for the sake of keeping them. This is echoed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 6:12 when he st ates â€Å"everything is permissible for me, but not everything is beneficial. â€Å".This shows humans as now, through Jesus, being et free from the laws, but also states that the laws were originally put in place e for our benefit and protection, thereby suggesting the most logical thing to do would be to u uphold them, but 18/11/14 By Amelia Parkinson Ethics Prep Questions just no longer having to strictly abide by them for the sake of doing so, and m meaning the old laws can now be broken if it is the most loving action to do. Personally, agree with the approach Jesus has to the laws, and think that Poe peel should take priority over abiding by the laws.

Can war ever be justified? Essay

This question is not that easy to answer. Many philosophers, politicians or just ordinary people in the past and in the present try to come up with an answer, but there is no simple answer to this question such as â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. The answer depends on an individual. Some people like Ruth Heing say _†Countries went to war because they believed that they could achieve more through war than by a diplomatic negotiation†_. Some people like Bo Bennett say _†Diplomacy is more than saying or doing the right things at the right time, it is avoiding saying or doing the wrong things at any time†._ War brings nothing to the country but damage and destruction. Government is not the only one who is affected by the war. War takes away lives of so many innocent people. More than 1068 000 people died in the battle of Somme. The weaponry is not cheap, millions are wasted on them. In 1898 when Kaiser Wilhelm II announced his intention to built a powerful German navy, Britain raised first class war ship – Dreadnought against Germans. They spent millions on building the ship, instead of spending the money on the ship construction it would be more effective to spend money on more social issues. Than the conflict between Germany and Britain would have been avoided and at the same time some social needs would be satisfied as well. When it comes to self defense, war is just necessary. The reason why Georgia still exists today is because when Turkey invaded Georgia in 10th, 11th century Georgia was constrained to defend its self. Georgia wasn’t the one who started the conflict. If Georgia would not have defended itself from the invaders (who were mostly from Muslim countries), today the country would have been a part of turkey or other neighboring country. War can be necessary in order to get independency or freedom for example There is no short answer to the question if the war can ever be justified it depends on the situation in which the country is in and it depends on the individual, how does a person view the affects of the war on the country. Everything in the world has both positive and negative aspects including War. Can war ever be justified? Essay War is an inevitable part of the history of humankind. Unlike natural happenings, war is an action of people inflicted of other people. This issue has raised ethical problems, which are still problematic till today. War is by common sense evil, but can it ever be less evil? There are a number of varying options when discussing the issue of a ‘justifiable war’. Some people argue that war is always justifiable while others argue that it can never be. Some maintain that due to human conditions, war is inevitable. Can it ever be morally justifiable to use force so as to preserve values within a society such as justice, peace and freedom? The Pacifists argue that war is never morally justifies, while others argue that war at times is justifiable, and therefore they produce what one may call the ‘just war tradition’. The just war tradition represents a fund of practical moral insight based on a reflection on actual problems as these have occurred in different historical contexts. The moral insights and practices that make up the tradition reflect the judgments and experience of people coming from a wide range of cultural institutions. Unjustly causing harm to someone is never justified, and is referred to as an absolute moral obligation. An absolute moral obligation therefore refers to an obligation which has priority over all other moral obligations. On the other hand, to inflict harm which may or may not be justified can be referred to as prima facie moral obligation. A prima facie moral obligation is an obligation which has a strong moral reason supporting it. However such obligation may be overridden under special circumstances, like self-defense. Therefore it is ethically correct to harm someone else in order to protect yourself and others. The ‘just war tradition’ provides three fundamental moral reminders. The use of force is sometimes necessary to preserve values that would otherwise be lost. Any resort to force and the application to forceful means have to be subjected to an intentionality of justification and restraint, and the means and techniques of war should serve the legitimate moral aims of the employment force. Can war be ethically justifiable? Two sets of rules have been developed to assess when choosing violence can be justified, as well as to set limits on the amount of force. These two sets of rules are referred to as jus ad bellum, which is the right to war, and jus in Bello, which is the right in war. Jus ad bellu m refers to whether the  option to use force in a particular situation is justified, while jus in Bello refers to whether the type of force is to be justified. There are conditions in both jus ad bellum and in jus in Bello. The conditions in jus in Bello are proportionality of specific tactics and the immunity of non-combatants. The killing of innocent people during war is a criminal and who do it will be punished. The conditions in jus ad bellum are that there must be a legitimate authority and the need for a declaration of war (from the legitimate authority itself). There have to be a Just Cause, for example to defend human life; no one can start a war without a reason. In a just war there have to be right intentions. One can kill others to stop them from attacking his country. There have to be reasonable hope of success; you only declare a war with the hope of winning. Courage is to refuse to obey orders which are inhumane and to know when you need to stop (surrender). War has to be the last resort and one has to try and avoid it when possible. The last but not least is proportionality of the whole enterprise. There is the need to calculate the beneficial and harmful results. There have to be more positive results than negative ones. Thomas Aquinas held that a war can only be justified if three conditions are satisfied. The war must be legally declared by a public authority that is legitimately authorized to commit a people to war; the war must be declared by someone who can be entrusted with the care of the common good and a legal authority to declare a war. The war must be pursued for a morally just cause, like self-defense or to take something which is yours back; it isn’t right to engage in a war against a nation that has done nothing to deserve it. Those who are engaged in fighting a war must have a rightful intention; they must intend only to achieve the just end and must not be provoked. Some conditions are added to those of Aquinas by those who use the just war theory to evaluate the morality of war and of the weapons of war. They added that the war must be fought only as a last resort; so if there is another way of achieving one’s just end, the war will not be just. There must be a reasonable hope of success. The war must be aimed to produce more good than harm, and it is wrong to use methods of warfare that cause more injuries and deaths than necessary. Therefore as to conclude, one must say that war has its rules and they should be followed. To declare a war one must have the right intention and a reasonable hope of success, and it must be fought only when  nothing else can be done to achieve the results desired.

Polyhydroxybutyrate Phb

Polyhydroxybutyrate PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class. Progress Analysis: – Bacteria first used to make PHB in 1925 at Pastuer Institute in Paris. – In 1970’s adopted by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) – Alcaligenes Eutrophus grown in fermentation vats with Molasses – The bacteria is then starved of nutrients (glucose and nitrogen) – PHB is produced as an energy store for the bacteria. In 1980’s Maddison University (Virgina) successfully cloned the 3 genes of A. Eutrophus that control PHB production and transferred them to Escherichia coli – an easier bacteria to work with allowing easier manipulation of the polymer depended on the need. – In 1990’s the 3 genes were cloned into sugar beets and turnips – much larger scale production of polymer. Work continuing (with Monsanto – company bought patent) into cloning genes to corn. Production: The manufacturing process of PHB begins with sunlight.Through photosynthesis carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is converted to carbohydrates via sugar beets or sugar cane. These carbohydrates (like Lactose, Fructose and Glucose) are the raw material for the manufacturing of PHB. Uses: †¢In medicine, PHB is compatible with the blood and tissues of mammals. The monomer of PHB is a normal metabolic in the human blood. As the body reabsorbs PHB it might be used as a surgical implant, in surgery, as seam threads for the healing of wounds and blood vessels. In pharmacology, PHB can be used as microcapsules in therapy or as materials for cell and tablet packaging. †¢In packaging for deep drawing articles in the food industry, for example, bottles, laminated foils, fishnets, potted flower, hygiene, fast food, one-way cups, agricultural foils and fibres in textile. Advantages of PHB: †¢Good mechanical properties, especially when low density and price are taken int o account. †¢Recyclable, renewable and non-abrasive to manufacturing equipment. †¢PHB is hydrophobic, therefore protects natural ? res from moisture sensitivity. †¢Mechanical properties are comparable to other polymers used (e. g. PP). †¢PHB has a fast degradation rate compared to other plastics. (months in sewage and years in sea water) yet ultra violet light can speed up this process. †¢The main advantage in the medical field is that PHB is a biodegradable plastic which can be inserted into the human body and does not have to be removed again. †¢Can be manipulated genically therefore can be used for many things Disadvantages of PHB: †¢It has a tendency to be brittle. Costs four times as much as polyethylene (it’s major competitor) †¢Cheaper to produce necessary materials from petrochemical industry. †¢Large scale production in early stages. †¢Uses sugarcane which can decrease biodiversity such as in Brazil. Evaluative Conclu sion: PHB has huge potetial as polymer for future,this is due to its main advantages such as being biodegradable and it has an ease of manipulation. This is good although work must be done to make it cheaper. Also work must be done to reduce the very large scale production in the early stages of production.There needs to be a way to make this plastic from cellulose in plant cell walls rather than from sugarcane alone. As the petrochemical industry supplies become scarce the price of PHB will go down, which is good for future use. Links Used: http://sundoc. bibliothek. uni-halle. de/diss-online/02/02H017/t2. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biopolymer http://www. gotessays. com/essays/543/index. php http://umpir. ump. edu. my/696/1/Aimi_Salma_Awalludin. pdf

Public Relation Sector Feasibility Study on the Gulf Region Research Paper

Public Relation Sector Feasibility Study on the Gulf Region - Research Paper Example has grown over the years in the gulf region, being useful in sectors like charity and consultancy, where firms are seeking to build their image in the eyes of the public and make the most out of public relations. This report attempts to identify the correlation between the charity sector and public relation for the consultancy sector exemplifying their potential as a career option for practitioner using sector analysis. Although the size of the public relations in the charitable sector is currently small in the Gulf region with 78 nonprofit organizations (Özbilgin & Healy, 2003, p. 23), there are notable trends that point out to the increasing size and the need for public relations in this sector. The current small size may be owed to the previous notions that undermined the role of public relations in charity. Many organizations relied on crude means of publicizing their communications, instead of employing professional services to cater for such needs (Benthall & Bellion-Jourdan, 2003, p. 34). However, the art of public relations has been popular in the last decade and is increasingly used by most organizations. The value of public relations in the sector is enormous and there is increasing need to build good relationships as well as foster cooperation with other players in the industry (Hitchins, 2006). In the Gulf region, charity organizations need to employ strategic public relations as a means through which they communicate their valuable information to the public to help them understand what the organization does, its missions and objectives. One of the major players in the industry is Charity PR, an organization geared towards popularizing the art of public relations in charity organizations, as well as addressing key challenges that have faced the sector in the last few years. The key stakeholders the run the charity sector in public relation include government through agencies, the nonprofits organizations, public benefit authorities (PBA) and private

Dale and Mike Parak's Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dale and Mike Parak's Case - Assignment Example Samaha defines justice as a system through which legal wrongs are controlled in an open and fair manner and informed decisions are made in legal processes. (Samaha, 2005). From this perspective, justice is a system that, through well-established structures and professional personnel, ensures that crimes are regulated in a fair manner (Samaha, 2005). The sentence was just. This is because determination of justice in the case is achieved from the definition and motive of justice and the circumstances surrounding the case. In the case, Dale shot his brother, Mike. This followed an agreement between the two parties that they were to poison themselves but Mike did not take the agreed upon substance. The police was called and investigation carried out. Consequently, a prosecutor picked the case, leading to the trial. The process that followed the murder of Mike falls within the definition of justice. There was involvement of an organized system, the police that carried out investigation of the murder. After the police, the prosecutor was involved and the final judgment pronounced by a court judge. The defendant was accorded a hearing in which he pleaded guilty. The process also satisfies the theme of controlling crime through setting examples to deter people from committing similar crimes. The sentence was therefore just because it satisfies the definition of justice, procedure, structure, and theme (Siegel, 2009), (Samaha, 2005). The decision to charge Dale would be based on the definition of his action as a crime and the procedure that followed his actions. Having committed a homicide and pleaded guilty for the same, the justice system is obliged to ensure that a prosecution is initiated against the suspect. The investigations by the police that provided sufficient evidence also established credible ground for successful prosecution. It would therefore be logical to prosecute Dale because

Bank law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bank law - Essay Example The agent in possession of the said Nursing Home sold it and the proceeds were applied to reduction of the credit debt and no surplus accrued to benefit the other creditors and Narni. After the sale, no profit or income was derived by Narni. 2. Narni which runs the Carrum Nursing Home applied for overdraft facility with National Australia Bank. Pending formal approval of the application with limit of $65, 000.00, the Bank nevertheless honored the cheques drawn by Narni even though there were no funds to meet them since the account was regularly in debit. The bank refused to extend the overdraft facility to $100, 000.00 but supported Narni by honoring the cheques drawn despite lack of funds. The Court found that the "Bank and Narni conducted their business and arranged their affairs, from February 1989, on the basis that the approved overdraft of $65,000 was at best a nominal limit and that the Bank would tolerate surges well in excess of that limit in each monthly cycle. The bank ope rated and permitted the account to operate in a very flexible way so that the monthly surges far exceeded any such limit". The court also found that "Narni relied upon this attitude on the part of the Bank in the operation of its business, as the Bank officers knew". It was deduced from the facts that the Bank itself also enjoyed a benefit from this arrangement from the receipt of interest and other fees and by the retention of a satisfied customer. The Court found that it was a "term of this arrangement between the Bank and Narni that the Bank would not refuse to honour cheques drawn by it on the ground that the balance of the account exceeded the approved overdraft limit of $65,000." The correctly held that it was an implied term of the arrangement that the Bank could not terminate or vary it without giving the customer reasonable notice so as to allow time for it to arrange its affairs to comply. Furthermore, they must have regard to the fact that cheques, which had been previous ly drawn and delivered may have to be honoured under the pre?existing arrangement in place at the time they were drawn and delivered. The implication of such a term is an incident of the arrangement between the Bank and its customer because the Bank knew that Narni was dependent upon it. As aptly held by the court, " there was no warning of dishonor from the bank and this act was relied upon by Narni and giving rise to overdraft extension. Narni was dependent for its cash flow upon the accommodation of the bank in excess of the agreed limit given by the Bank." In the case of Joachimson v Swiss Bank Corporation [1921] 3 KB 110 CA, it was held that the following are considered implied terms: a). The bank will receive the customer’s deposits and collect his or her cheques; b). The bank will comply with written orders (i.e. cheques) issued by its customers assuming there is sufficient credit tin the account; c). The bank will repay the entire balance on the customers demand at th e account holding branch during banking hours -as was also held in Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust [1989] AC 80 PC for the application for the terms in relation to UK banks; d). The bank will give reasonable notice before closing a customer’s account if it is in credit; e). the customer will take reasonable care when writing cheques (Topic 1, n.d.). Implied terms are extra terms read into contracts by the courts in order to give effect to statutory requirements and common law presumptions (Robinson, 2009). Implied

Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Movie Review Example However, the film was nominated for the Academy Awards for best ‘makeup’. Best Character and Scene form the Film The novel ‘Frankenstein’ as well as the film captivates a volley of characters within the plot. The character which is most fascinating and appealing is evidently ‘The Creature’ played by Robert De Niro as it is presented as the product of an experiment with corpse and electricity. The kind of makeup which was put on Niro was definitely quite bizarre and heavy in order to make him awful. The way Robert De Niro carried the makeup throughout the film, makes his acting commendable. The attire and the makeup became a coherent part of his personality throughout the film. The way Robert De Niro displayed the bestial qualities within the creature; it almost compelled the audience to think that he is a real corpse electrified to life incarnated. Also at times, the emotions displayed by the awful creature are not an easy job to exhibit but an expert actor like Robert De Niro could make it possible. For an average or general actor it is not an easy task to portray emotions with attire and make up of a beast.

Financial Statement and Operating Indicator Analysis Essay

Financial Statement and Operating Indicator Analysis - Essay Example The current ratio is a liquidity ratio and indicates the extent to which an organization can cover its short term liabilities by its liquid assets. It is calculated by dividing the total current assets in the organization with the total current liabilities.This ratio seeks to examine the revenue of the organization as a function of its expenses. It includes the revenues of the organization from all sources in its calculation. The ratio is usually derived by dividing the net income of the organization with the total revenue. A high ratio means that the organization can cater for its costs efficiently, and indicates profitability. On the other hand, a lower ratio indicates that an organization could be experiencing financial difficulties, and may not have the ability to give viable returns to investors (Chandra, 2010).A major challenge concerned with financial statement analysis relates to the inability of the statements to recognize the seasonal qualitative changes, which occur in the course of normal business. These changes include changes in management, government policies, as well as labor strikes. Such changes affect the financial position of the business, thus including them in the financial analysis is significant. Therefore, users of analysis should require financial analysts to assess the implications of such factors on the organization’s profitability, and report to them (â€Å"Foundation of the American College of Healthcare Executives†, 2008).

The north and south labour systems and effect on American Civil War Essay

The north and south labour systems and effect on American Civil War - Essay Example According to Levine (2005), southern secession happened because they wanted to fight for the maintenance of the slavery institution in the United States of America. This is because their economy largely depended on the labor that was provided mainly by slaves. The northern part had grown economically because of the increased immigration from Europe. Therefore, they had enough labor for their production activities. There were many industries in the north and people enjoyed liberty and freedom that was characterized by the availability of land for everyone. On the other hand, the south depended on bonded labor for production. Few people owned large parcels of land in the south with many people owning small pieces of land. Many others were slaves and had to work on the large farms owned by few. In the years before the start of the civil war, Americans in the North and Northern west had different economic interests with the Americans living in the South and Southwest America. Despite the fact that the civil war in America was caused by a combination of other factors, the divergent economic interests contributed to the animosity that existed between the North and the South. They contributed to the establishment of the confederacy and the victory achieved by the union. The United States of America was an agricultural hub before, during and just after the civil war. Three quarters of the population in America lived in rural areas. The rural areas comprised of farms and small towns. Despite the fact that factories were established in the North and South, the establishment of industries and industrial manufacturing activities took place in the North. In 1860, the South had an estimated 25 percent of free population but only accounted for 10 percent of the capital of the country. The development of industries in the North was five times more that of the South. The number of factory workers in the North exceeded that of the South by ten times. Ninety percent of the skilled labor in the United States of America was in the North (Levine, 2005). The above information shows that the labor characteristics in the North and South were remarkably different. Labor in the North was expensive and laborers were not tied to a particular station. Workers were very active and mobile. The competition in the labor market was intensified by the immigration from Europe and Asia. This influenced the rising of wages in the sense that wages remained relatively constant (Levine, 2005). The economy of the south was founded on the labor provided by African Americans who worked as slaves. They were exploited, oppressed and forced to provide cheap labor. Mo st white families did not own slaves. Out of 1.6 million families, about 384,000 owned slaves. Most of the families who owned slaves had about 20 slaves or less. However, those who owned many slaves were about 10,000 and owned large plantations. When Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, southern planters and farmers

Qualitative Research Problem and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitative Research Problem and Design - Essay Example The main methods for collecting qualitative data include individual interviews, focus groups, observations and action research. Many factors were considered in deciding the appropriate research methodology. A qualitative approach is effective in solving the problem in this case because it can create new theories. As the researcher attempts to understand the topic, he or she will have to interact with the participants. In addition, the researcher will have to study existing information about the topic. The practice may lead to the discovery of a new theory. Qualitative research is important when addressing a new phenomenon in the society or examining an important issue in the country (Jamshed, 2014). The possibility of discovering a new theory is important because it could result in a better understanding of student performance in mathematical subjects. In addition, qualitative analysis is likely to explain the relationship between things and demonstrate their effect in that situation. As a result, it contributes towards the development of a better understanding of the issue. Furthermore, the method is characterized by observation or reading information. The researcher is expected to respond to the insights learned from this approach through writing. Consequently, it contributes towards the growth of the existing body of knowledge about a topic. Qualitative research is based on a theoretical framework (Bendassoli, 2013). As a result, it shall be addressing an important issue in the society that is important for the well-being of the society. Addressing the high failure rates will enable the country to enhance its competitiveness. Furthermore, qualitative research is flexible. Instead of applying a rigidly defined framework, research method and data collection style, a flexible approach is important in developing a holistic understanding of an issue. The method involves the collection of data using observational

Culture in an African Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Culture in an African Country - Essay Example Some of the several communities that live in this country include the kikuyu community, the Maasai, the Luo, the Kalejin community, the Samburu, and the Turkana community. The kikuyu This is the largest ethnic group in the Kenya. It is a sub tribe of the Abantu community. They speak the kikuyu language and migrated to the country four centuries ago. According to Kikuyu, the founder was of the tribe was known as Gikuyu. They had a Divine spirit called Ngai who lived at the top of Mount Kenya. Ngai gave him a wife known as Mumbi with whom they bore nine daughters. These daughters helped to create the nine sub clans of the kikuyu people. The kikuyu were highly successful in expanding throughout the fertile areas since they are a farming community. The main crops that they cultivated were bananas, sugarcane, millet, maize, yams, black beans, beans, and a variety of vegetables. This also formed their daily diet. In addition to cultivation, they also raised cattle, which would provide milk , hide, and skin. Goats and sheep could be used for sacrifices and purification ceremonies and rituals. The kikuyu community were traders who traded with their neighboring community through barter trade. They would organize local markets in populated areas where they exchanged cattle, agricultural produce, tobacco, iron implements, and ochre. Their main trading partners were the Maasai, Akamba, and Okiek. The kikuyu also had a well-organized political system, which would organize and administer the community. The political system would mainly be based on age groups and age sets where the elders had the mandate to administer. The basic administration unit was the family, which exists until today. The youths who wanted to become warriors in the community had to undergo circumcision. This also granted them the opportunity to marry daughters in their community. They later on graduated to the council of elders and a few of them made it into the secret council whose mandate was to settle disputes in the community (Muriuki 39-62). This culture has been incorporated in their modern lifestyles, as they are known to have an entrepreneurial culture. This has led to rural urban migration are the dominant community living in urban centers. The Maasai The Maasai had a religion with a divine spirit known Enkai. They believe one day the heaven split, and the first Maasai descended from heaven, with a large herd of cattle. They offer sacrifice of a cow to their God during important ceremonies. In addition, they have a diviner known as Laibon who they consult whenever there emerges a misfortune. The Maasai in Kenya is directly related to the Maasai in the neighboring country of Tanzania. They are Nilotic speakers who are very closely related to the Turkana, the Kalenjin, and the Samburu tribes in Kenya. They are largely pastoralists’ community who rear unusually large herd of cattle. This is the backbone of their economy. They are a sign of wealth and a measure of value to them. The young men are responsible for herding the cattle to different parts of the country where there are greener pastures. They have a culture of raiding homes to steal livestock from different communities. Similarly, to the Gikuyu community, the Maasai community politics is based on age group systems, which separate young men and

The Apology - Plato of Socrates Essay Example for Free

The Apology Plato of Socrates Essay The Apology is written by Plato of Socrates trial, at 70 years of age Socrates was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth of Athens. Plato’s account consists of three speeches that were given by Socrates during this trial. Socrates speaks before the men of Athens, his jury, in 399 BCE and confesses he has forgotten who he was, he then recollects who he is, and finally he proclaims who Socrates is. The trial began with the prosecutors presenting their case against the accused before the Athenian jury. In this trial Meletus argued that Socrates was guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens and committing acts of impiety. It is possible that Anytus spoke as well. The charges arose because Socrates created doubts on the beliefs and values of the Athenians this may have caused anger and confusion among the Athenians and created a strong resentment against Socrates. After Meletus finished presenting his case against Socrates, the defense had the opportunity to answer to the charges. The Apology starts with the defense speech by Socrates. He observed that he really had two sets of accusers (old and new) and that he was more afraid of the old accusers so he approached that problem first. He answered to the charges of the old accusers by relating a story about the oracle of Delphi. Socrates explains his true activity is misunderstood he only asked the oracle who was the most wise and she said â€Å"no man was wiser† than Socrates. He set out to dispute the oracle’s claim and realized after researching this claim that indeed he was the wisest because he was aware of his own ignorance and spheres of value are aware they are ignorant of their ignorance. He then focused on Meletus charge of corrupting the youth and impiety, he explained his important mission to Athens by comparing himself to a gadfly. He ended his defense by discussing his integrity, his followers, and his family. Subsequently, Socrates is convicted by a slim margin and gives a second speech. The accusers asked for a certain penalty, typically death by hemlock, if the accused is convicted. Socrates argues for a more lenient penalty. Socrates second speech is an argument for a different penalty rather than death, but Socrates argues that he is doing a great service to the state of Athens, so that the suitable penalty would be to pay him an allowance for the rest of his life to support him in his censure of individual citizens of Athens. This facetious retort does not go well with the senate and they sentence him to death. In his final speech Socrates tells the Athenians that they will be shamed in the future for their action and explains why he doesnt fear death. He goes on to explain that he does not hold a grudge against his accusers and he does not fear death because if he goes to a better place he will be at eternal peace and without worries and if he migrates to the other place he will be able to continue his practice of Socratic dialogue. Either way he will get what he wants. In summary, it appears that Socrates held the Athenian jury in contempt with implying facetious antidotes but may have considered his own fate before the trial began understanding at his age he may have already accepted death as a final outcome. He admits to no grudges held but proclaims that others will replace him and gives encouragement to those who voted to acquit him. His own acceptance of his fate is calm and logical and asks for help for his sons when he is gone. By his own admission he is the wisest because he knows he is Socrates.

Story Titled Life Is Beautiful English Literature Essay

Story Titled Life Is Beautiful English Literature Essay Indeed life isnt easy but who said it was going to be easy? Its a road full of ups and downs and as we call it a road, we should know that bumps are bound to be there. For some its a little bumpier than others but then thats called life! However, its unfair to complain about things we dont have or have lost without appreciating all that we got in return but in the hassle of this busy life we all forget to thank the Almighty for whatever he did give us. What I at times find ironic is that were too busy to appreciate what we have, yet have ample time to complain about what we dont have! Every day I get up early complaining about why do I have early morning classes and why cant my classes just start at 12 everyday and end in the evening? And then on those days when my classes start in the afternoon and linger on till evening, I find myself whining how the teacher ruined my perfect evening. And its not only me, everyone I come across is complaining about one thing or the other. Jumping out of the bed, I look around and find hundreds of things that could have been better but cant seem to spot the best items! I open my wardrobe and cant seem to find something perfect even though its overloaded with clothes already! I spend my day cribbing about things, how the teacher took a surprise quiz, gave two assignments at a time which are due tomorrow, gave less marks to me on my project and more to the one who copied off the internet and it goes on! I keep venting out with my friends all day, at times complain to my mom who just keeps saying hmmm hmmm to every problem and then I complain (to myself) how shes not bothered to solve my issues without thinking how shes at least giving time to listen to what I have to say. Most parents today dont even do that! And maybe shes not intervening to give me more space and make me independent! While Im complaining about a hundred things around me, I come across all types of people from all ages and phases of life who arent content with what life has given them. Some whine about being fat, while others are wearing full sleeves and layers of clothing to hide themselves because they are anorexic. Some arent happy with their short hair, while others complain their long hair are such a mess and difficult to handle and then we find those who grumble about being short while the rest are shy of being tall! And amidst all this, we hear the clichà ©d statement, Oh I would be the happiest person alive if I had your hair, figure or height. And we all know nobody is the happiest person because its human nature not to be content with what you have, one keeps asking for more. The day ends and I tell myself how everything is unfair. I close my eyes hoping tomorrow will be better and its the same! Life will continue to be unfair until I change my approach! And then one day I change the way I look at things around me only to realize that everything is just so beautiful! I get up early morning and see the pleasant weather in Islamabad and the sun shining through the clouds, I open my wardrobe and thank Almighty for the extravagant wardrobe that I have and pull out a funky dress to wear. I spend my day appreciating the small blessings in life and realize how a positive approach makes life easier for me! I get done at whatever time and spend time with friends. With them I realize I have people to lean on to, to enjoy with, to laugh with, and to have fun with! Spending time with them relaxes me, I get to be myself without the fear of being judged or criticized. They make me realize how loved I am and how beautiful life is with their presence. After spending a good time with friends, I rush home! In between if my mom calls to find where I am, instead of cribbing about how shes always pestering, I feel proud of the fact that I have someone at home, who worries about me till, I get back home safely, who longs to spend time with me, whos ready to listen to my stories. This thought makes life even more beautiful! Then after giving a short update to my mom, I log on to the internet quickly to catch my best friend online whos sitting at the other corner of the world, waiting for me to come online everyday and give her an update, which she listens to with keen interest! And if Im busy and cant update her, shell make sure I do that! In case I start to complain how shes so far away from me, I stop right there and thank Almighty for the fact that at least shes with me if not by my side. Needless to say, a best friend is very important in life. You may have lots of close friends who you can hang out with or call at any hour of the day, but if you dont have that one best friend who feels the same about you, you will be alone at one point or the other! The reason why they call this relationship, best friend forever is because even when you dont know where youre going, you know theres someone with you and youre not heading alone! They say, love may fade with the season but some friendships are year round. Try to find such friendships that dont leave you even when your shadow disappears. All in all, in todays busy life we are too caught up with things to enjoy the simple pleasures life has to offer, which we fail to notice. Take out time to enjoy the rain and sip a cup of coffee while watching the rain pour down. Watch a small child play, listen to the songs that take you back to the time you first heard them and you will realize what you have been missing on in the hassle of this busy life. Look at the beauty of relationships like friendship and love and stop taking them for granted to find out we are left with a very few to cherish. Weve started living in a world where fame, glamour and money means everything and the child inside us is too scared to step out of this world! In times like these you need to step outside and clear your mind and open your heart and think about all what you have! Remind yourself of who you are and where you want to be? What do you really want to have materialistic things or friendship and love which will last a lifetime? Sometimes you will really have to put an effort to find yourself, but you will eventually! Stop wasting life complaining and whining about whats fair and whats unfair and what went wrong and what you dont have! Life is too short to spend it like that. Just look at what went right and whats good around you. Appreciate the nice things around you and realize everyones life has ups and downs and bumps, but its still beautiful at the end of the day! Make friends who are true at heart and accept you the way you are, who dont judge you and who you can be completely at home with. In a life where you cant choose your family, you can definitely choose your friends so choose them wisely and then you will realize life isnt that bad at the end of the day. And while you are at it, capture all the beautiful moments in your life in a picture so that you can cherish them forever. Cameras are one of the best inventions, they help us capture moments in the form of pictures that tell us more about ourselves than we know, they take us back to the long journey we have taken, the loved ones we have around and those we have lost on the way! If you can try to bring those loved ones youve lost, back in your life and if nature came between you and them then cherish what you have for now. Life is incomplete without family! No matter how successful you become, how many friends you make, or where you go in life the importance of family remains the same as it was when you were a baby. And as gossip girl says, when it comes to family, were all still children at heart no matter how old we get we always need a place to call home because without the people you love most you cant help but feel all alone in the world!

Criteria For Good Academic Report Writing English Language Essay

Criteria For Good Academic Report Writing English Language Essay The following interaction shows a number of key factors to consider when constructing a written piece of work. Following these points will hopefully develop your writing style and help you include every issue in your report. Contents and structure of a report 2.1 Contents and structure of a report http://labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif Photograph showing a close up the contents page in a report. http://labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif 2.1.1 Title page This should include the title, date and author of the report as well as the person for whom it has been produced. It may include additional information such as reference numbers, sub-headings and so on. 2.1.2 Summary (also known as an abstract) This is an overview of the whole report, including the conclusion or recommendations. It would normally be one paragraph long and needs to be very concise. Ask yourself: Why would your employer be interested in this research? What are the most important aspects of the research? What should a reader be sure to know about the research? What information will the reader need to have in order to understand the most important aspects? What are the main points from each section of your report? Summarize each section in one sentence, if possible. 2.1.3 List of contents This is a list of the chapters or sections of the report in the same sequence as they appear. Section numbers and the page on which they start should also be given. You will section a report more than an essay. For example you may begin with: Section title: Report Introduction 1.1 The background information 1.2 The purpose of the study 1.3 The scope of the study 2.1.4 Introduction The Introduction will include the background to the report. 2. Contents and structure of a report 2.2 Body of the report: survey findings and conclusions Headings within a report are not standard and they will be dictated by the nature and content of the report. The headings and content of the report should be in a logical order. This may be chronological order, items in order of importance or even perhaps alphabetical order. It is important to note here that if you asked a lot of questions you may not be able to include all the statistical data that you have produced. In this case place your statistical data in your appendix and use only the graphs and charts that are the most relevant to your findings. 2.2.1 Conclusions This is the critical part of a report where the author looks back over the evidence, reaches a judgment and looks forward to the recommendations. Before writing this section you need to take another look at: Considering your objective, did your survey help you to answer your original question? How did our survey help you? Were you right to think you needed to make changes? 2.2.2 Recommendations Recommendations should be kept separate from your conclusions so that it is clear what is being suggested. Care should be taken not to overlap this section with the conclusions. This can be a bullet point section, although it is advisable to number each recommendation so that each recommendation can be easily identified and recognised in future discussions. Recommendations might include: The new methods you would like to introduce into your salon to improve the way you work. The points that you would present to your employer and other colleagues. 2.2.3 Appendices This is where bulky raw data, diagrams, tables and other technical information should be included. The appendices can also include: A bibliography A copy of the survey (questionnaire) A copy of any interview questions and the answers given 2.2.4 Further Tips Other tips which may help you succeed in writing an effective report are: 1: Think before you write: This may sound strange, but make sure you give yourself a plan of action. What do you need to do, how are you going to achieve it etc. 2: Be clear what your purpose is: Through evaluating what the question wants, you should be clear on what it is asking of you. Identify what information you want to convey. 3: Discard everything irrelevant: Do not include sections of writing which you dont think fit into the issue you are analysing. 4: Arrange the material in a logical sequence: See the stages above. 5: Structure longer reports with sections: If you find that one discussion topic in your report is becoming overly long, then try to think of sub-headings which you would use to split it up and make it more readable. 6: Use a layout which helps the reader: If a tutor is marking your work, then it may be necessary to include a specific font and letter size which makes it easier to read. 7: Choose right words for meaning and reader: Do not fill it with long / difficult words in an attempt to make it look more intellectual. Use formal language. 8: Seek higher standards through self-criticism and practice. And finally 9: READ THROUGH YOUR REPORT AND CORRECT ANY MISTAKES. c Citation and referencing 3.1 Citation and referencing When writing a report you will have to use various academic texts (e.g. business planning, SWOT, PEST, SMART targets, Value Chain Analysis, motivation etc). These will contain theories that will help to explain your work. It is only fair that your use of another persons work or ideas to support your own work is appropriately credited to the original author. The process of referencing enables you to demonstrate to anyone reading your work, the breadth of research you have undertaken before producing your report and your familiarity with the subject without giving long explanations. People who read your work and find it interesting may want to know more about the subject. Your reference list is a good source of information that readers can use to guide their initial search. Citation and referencing 3.2 Plagiarism Plagiarism is the term used to describe the use of another authors work in your own report (either intentionally or unintentionally) without acknowledging that it is not your own, or giving the other author the credit for it. If you are careful and keep a good record of where you found information from there will be no problem in effectively referencing the source of any information or ideas you have found and the possibility of being accused of plagiarism can easily be avoided. Try to note down on paper every single publication and reference that you use when writing a report. It is important to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of a subject by showing that you can work with other peoples ideas whilst developing your own, but you must avoid simply reproducing other peoples work: in effect copying or stealing their ideas. Methods of referencing 4.1 The Harvard System http://labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif Photograph showing a library with shelves of books. http://labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif The main method of citation used for referencing focuses on what we call The Harvard System The Harvard System is the most common method of citation and referencing. However, in some areas, alternative systems can be used so it is a good idea to always check the requirements of your report. 4.1.2 Citing authors in the text Example 1 In this system you write the author/originators name and the year of publication of the document in brackets after each reference in the text. The research shows (Wheeler 1961, p.5) Example 2 If the authors name occurs naturally in the text then only the year of publication is given in brackets. Wheeler (1961, p.7) illustrates in his study Example 3 If two or more documents have the same author in the same year then they should be distinguished by lower case letters after the year of publication. Wheeler (1961a, p.5) describes this process in his study. In a second paper Wheeler (1961b, p.8) goes on further to explain Example 4 If there are 2 or up to 3 authors, the surname of all must be given. Wheeler, Smith and Jones (1993, p.15) have proposed that Example 5 If there are more than three authors the surname of the first author is given followed by et al (Latin term meaning and others) Wheeler et al. (1997, p. 3) believes Example 6 If there is no author then Anon should be used to indicate that the source is unknown. A recent article (Anon. 2001) states that Example 7 If a reference is to a newspaper where no author is given the name of the newspaper can be used. The Independent (1999) states that 4.1.3 Secondary sources If you refer to a source quoted in another source you should cite both in the text. Example 8 A study by Wheeler (1995 cited in Wood 1998, p.42) argues that You should only list Wood in your list of references, as this is the book/article you have actually read. Methods of referencing 4.2 Electronic Resources When citing Electronic Resources in the text please note: The use of the URL within the body of the text is not usually acceptable. It should only be listed in the reference list. As yet there is no universally accepted standard for citing electronic sources. It is advisable to include in your references the date you accessed the information. 4.2.1 E-book Author/s or Editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (i.e. year of print version, or year of electronic version if there is one) Title (either in bold, italics or underlined) (full stop) Edition (if not the first) Electronic book supplier [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: E-book Davis, B. (2000) Caring for people in pain. Netlibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader (Accessed: 6 January 2004). 4.2.2 E-journal To reference from an e-journal use the following format: Author/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (comma) Title of journal (either in bold, italics or underlined) (comma) Volume number Issue number (in brackets) (comma) Page number or online equivalent Name of electronic collection [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: E-journal Orkerson, A. (1991) The electronic journal: what, whence and when? Public Access Computer Systems Review, 2 (1), pp. 23-24 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/okerson.2nl (Accessed: 6 June 2002). 4.2.3 Website or Internet Database When you need to reference a whole website, use the format: Author, Editor or Publishing Organisation Year (in brackets) Website title (bold, italics or underlined ) (full stop) [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: Website Historic Houses Association. (2005) Historic Houses Association. [Online]. Available at: http://www.hha.org.uk (Accessed: 6 April 2005). When referencing web pages or extracts from a database, use the format: Author/editor or Publishing Organisation Year (in brackets) Title of extract (comma) Title of database (bold, italics or underlined) [Online] (full stop) Available at: Specify URL (Internet address) Date of access: (brackets) (full stop) Example: Web Pages Darnell, M.J. (2002) Opening the file drawer, Bad Human Factors Designs [Online]. Available at: http://www.baddesigns.com/file.html (Accessed: 6 April 2005). Referencing In the Harvard system the corresponding references to citations in the text are arranged at the end of a piece of work in alphabetical order of authors surname, subdivided if necessary by year and letter. 4.3.1 How to reference a book Author/s editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of book (either bold, italics or underlined) (full stop) Edition (if not the first) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) [Add series number and volume number if appropriate] One Author Hayes, N. (1998) Psychology: an introduction. 3rd edn. Harlow: Longman. Two Authors Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) (2000) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Three Authors Thwaites, A., Davis, L. Mules, W. (1995) Tools for cultural studies: an introduction. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia. Multiple Authors Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B. Singer, S. R. (2005) Biology. 7th edn. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Please note it is common acceptance, especially in scientific papers, to quote all authors in the reference list. However, this is not universal and an alternative, which is sometimes used when there are more than 3 authors, is to list the 1st author followed by et al. Please check your report requirements. 4.3.2 Chapter within a book Author/s of chapter or section (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of chapter/section (comma) Use the word In: Author/Editor of book/collected work (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Title of the book/collected work (either bold, italics or underlined). Edition (if not the first) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (comma) Page numbers of chapter (full stop) Example 1 Merridale, C. (2000) War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia, In: Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-83. 4.3.3 How to reference a journal article Author/s of article (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (comma) Title of journal (either bold, italics or underlined) (comma) Volume number Part/issue number (in brackets) (comma) Page number/s (full stop) Example: Journal Article Bourget, D. (2004) Quantum leaps in the philosophy of the mind, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11(12), pp. 17-42. Example: Journal Article, multiple authors Milner, L.M., Herrmann, M., Girand, K., Baker, M.S. Hiser, R.F. (2003) International sport fishing: the case of the German angler in Alaska, Tourism Analysis, 8(1), pp. 89-94. 4.3.4 Referencing a newspaper article Referencing a newspaper article is similar to referencing a journal except omit volume number and part/issue number and state the day and month of publication. Example: Newspaper Hiscott, G. (2005) Salt level in food overtakes poisoning as main concern of shoppers, The Independent, 17 March, p.8. 4.4.1 Theses or Dissertation When referencing a theses or a dissertation, use the same method as a book reference but include the level of the award (e.g. B.A., BSc., M.A.) and the name of the awarding Institution. Example 1 Gayfer, J. (1993) Controlling wall thickness of extruded polythene pipe. BEng dissertation. University of Derby. 4.4.2 Conferencing When referencing from a conference follow this format: Organising/sponsoring organisation Number (if appropriate) Year (in brackets) Title (in bold, italics or underlined) Location of conference Date of conference Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) Example 1 World Health Organisation (1978) Primary health care: report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Alma-Ata USSR, 6-12 September 1978. Geneva: W.H.O. 4.4.3 Audio-visual material Typically, putting the title as the first element of the reference is preferred but if an individual has clear responsibility for the intellectual content then they should be given as the originator. Title (bold, italics, underlined) Year (date of distribution)(brackets) Originator (director preferred) [Videocassette] (full stop) Place of distribution (colon) Organisation (full stop) Example 1 The Prince of tides (1997) Directed by Barbara Streisand [Videocassette]. London: ITV. 4.4.4 Maps When referencing from an ordnance survey map, use the format: Originator state Ordnance Survey Year of publication (in brackets) Title of map (bold, italics or underlined ) (comma) Sheet number (comma) Scale of map (e.g. 1: 50 000) (full stop) Place of publication (colon) Publisher (full stop) Series (in brackets) (full stop)

Teen Pregnancy Essay example -- Teenage Pregnancy Essays

Every year approximately one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Of theses pregnancies only 13 percent are intended. As a result, about a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, another 14 percent lose their pregnancies to miscarriage, and the remaining 52 percent teens bear children. Of the half-a-million teens that give birth annually, 72 percent are unmarried and 75 percent are giving birth for the first time. More than 175,000 of these new moms are age 17 years or younger. The teen pregnancy rate in the United States is higher than most other industrialized countries and is ten times as high as the rate of Japan and the Netherlands. Although the pregnancy rate for teenagers has been reduced in the past twenty years, the number of teenagers has increased and therefore so has the number of teen pregnancies and births (www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html). Throughout the years, the issue of teenage pregnancy has continued to be a controversial topic in many arenas including national politics and welfare reform, the media, educational institutions, the public health movement, and religious institutions. It is therefore important to look at policy implications for teen mothers and their children. Teenage pregnancy has become an important public policy issue as it has been defined as a social problem rather than an individual concern. Policy intervention regarding teenage pregnancy will only be useful if it were determined that reducing teen pregnancy and motherhood would improve the lives of teen mothers, their children, and society at large. Although there are several health risks and biological problems related to teenage pregnancy, some of the strongest concern... ...gnition for the very hard task they face. There are many ways that society and policy can support teen moms and their children so that the cycle of poverty in not perpetually repeated and everyone can have a fair chance to reach their potential in society. Works Cited A National Strategy to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/teenp/intro.htm Facts in Brief: Teen Sex and Pregnancy, 1999. http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html Issues in Brief; Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib10.html Klepinger, Daniel, Shelly Lunderberg and Robert Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 27, No. 1; January/February 1995. Poverty and Teenage Pregnancy. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/n/nxd10/adparent2.htm#Mastrocola Teen Pregnancy Essay example -- Teenage Pregnancy Essays Every year approximately one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Of theses pregnancies only 13 percent are intended. As a result, about a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, another 14 percent lose their pregnancies to miscarriage, and the remaining 52 percent teens bear children. Of the half-a-million teens that give birth annually, 72 percent are unmarried and 75 percent are giving birth for the first time. More than 175,000 of these new moms are age 17 years or younger. The teen pregnancy rate in the United States is higher than most other industrialized countries and is ten times as high as the rate of Japan and the Netherlands. Although the pregnancy rate for teenagers has been reduced in the past twenty years, the number of teenagers has increased and therefore so has the number of teen pregnancies and births (www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html). Throughout the years, the issue of teenage pregnancy has continued to be a controversial topic in many arenas including national politics and welfare reform, the media, educational institutions, the public health movement, and religious institutions. It is therefore important to look at policy implications for teen mothers and their children. Teenage pregnancy has become an important public policy issue as it has been defined as a social problem rather than an individual concern. Policy intervention regarding teenage pregnancy will only be useful if it were determined that reducing teen pregnancy and motherhood would improve the lives of teen mothers, their children, and society at large. Although there are several health risks and biological problems related to teenage pregnancy, some of the strongest concern... ...gnition for the very hard task they face. There are many ways that society and policy can support teen moms and their children so that the cycle of poverty in not perpetually repeated and everyone can have a fair chance to reach their potential in society. Works Cited A National Strategy to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/teenp/intro.htm Facts in Brief: Teen Sex and Pregnancy, 1999. http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_teen_sex.html Issues in Brief; Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide www.agi-usa.org/pubs/ib10.html Klepinger, Daniel, Shelly Lunderberg and Robert Plotnick. "Adolescent Fertility and the Educational Attainment of Young Women." Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 27, No. 1; January/February 1995. Poverty and Teenage Pregnancy. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/n/nxd10/adparent2.htm#Mastrocola

In Groups We Shrink :: Carol Tavris Psychology Psychological Essays

In Groups We Shrink As smoke poured into the room the three strangers waiting in the lobby just sat there until it was unbearable to breathe. Believe it or not people do this, just so that they don’t get embarrassed. Carol Tavris’s essay she is successful in getting the point across that people act different in groups than they do alone. She has many appeals to emotion, logic, and being the renown psychologist she is, she has credibility. She wasn’t trying to change the way people act in this essay. just to try and make people realize what happens in groups and the horrible things that could conspire. Carol Tavris was trying to get across the point that people act different in different situations. When it comes to ones personal safety then they act different. One person would get up at the first sign of danger, or go to someone’s help. But when there are other people involved and they are in a strange environment they don’t know how to act. They aren’t sure whether smoke pouring into a room or any other threatening situation is normal. They don’t want to get embarrassed or make a fool of themselves. Carol Tavris was born in 1944, and got her PH.D. in Social Psychology. That is why she has so much credibility in this field of study. This essay wouldn’t mean anything if it wasn’t coming from someone who has the background and the credibility she does. A strong example of emotion is when she talks about Rodney King and the savage beating he received. It again shows how people in groups act different. There were 11 officers watching 4 of their colleagues beat this poor man. What were they thinking? Did they agree? These are some of the questions you have to ask yourself. One explanation, of course, is that they approved.(18). They may have identified with the abusers, vicariously participating in a beating they rationalized as justified.(18). This is sad but true, but what about the Kitty Genovese story. She was stabbed and killed in front of her apartment, while 38 neighbors heard and watched, not one called for help. This is called diffusion of responsibility or soci al loafing which pretty much means the more people in a group the lazier everyone gets thinking that someone else will do the right thing. This is just another example of emotion in Carol Tavris’s writing.

Cincinnati Subs Essay

Cincinnati Super Subs employee makeup is mostly young students in college and in high school; management has indicated that the chain has experienced â€Å"below average profitability over the past 18 months† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2013, p. 156). The below average profitability is linked to the increase of food wastage, management has taken steps to address the issue from reduction and elimination of food allowance accounts to the increased visual scrutiny given workers. The changes made by management were only successful for a few months, after the managers reduced their time in daily operations the amount of food wastage began to increase. To reduce food wastage management must have a presence in daily operations at the sub chain, create and enforce punishments for violations, set goals and create rewards for the reduction in food wastage. Indications of Problems at Cincinnati Super Subs ​Food wastage at Cincinnati Super Subs is a huge problem that has resulted in the reduction of monthly bonuses given to management. The staff at the chain complains about the amount or lack of food allowances given, this would prompt employees to â€Å"help themselves to food and drinks when the managers aren’t around† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2013, p. 156). The reduction in profitability over the past 18 months at stores has indicated the levels of food wastage have significantly impacted management employee relations and overall costs at the chain. The importance of reducing food wastage is not realized by non-management staff, they feel that the amount of food/drinks given away or eaten isn’t a significant amount of profits. Corrective actions taken against employees have reduced staff levels as some employees have quit and warned others about seeking employment at Cincinnati Super Subs. Management failed to accurately identify and corrects the causes of food wastage, and in the process caused employee dissatisfaction.

My work2 Essay

INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT The earliest civilizations formed on fertile river plains. These lands faced challenges, such as seasonal flooding and a limited growing area. Geography What rivers helped sustain the four river valley civilizations? POWER AND AUTHORITY Projects such as irrigation systems required leadership and laws—the beginnings of organized government. In some societies, priests controlled the first governments. In others, military leaders and kings ruled. Geography Look at the time line and the map. In which empire and river valley area was the first code of laws developed? SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Early civilizations developed bronze tools, the wheel, the sail, the plow, writing, and mathematics. These innovations spread through trade, wars, and the movement of peoples. Geography Which river valley civilization was the most isolated? What factors contributed to that isolation? INTERNET RESOURCES †¢ Interactive Maps †¢ Interactive Visuals †¢ Interactive Primary Sources 26 Go to classzone.com for: †¢ Research Links †¢ Maps †¢ Internet Activities †¢ Test Practice †¢ Primary Sources †¢ Current Events †¢ Chapter Quiz 27 Why do communities need laws? The harvest has failed and, like many others, you have little to eat. There are animals in the temple, but they are protected by law. Your cousin decides to steal one of the pigs to feed his family. You believe that laws should not be broken and try to persuade him not to steal the pig. But he steals the pig and is caught. The law of the Babylonian Empire—Hammurabi’s Code—holds people responsible for their actions. Someone who steals from the temple must repay 30 times the cost of the stolen item. Because your cousin is unable to pay this fine, he is sentenced to death. You begin to wonder whether there are times when laws should be broken. 1 The Babylonian ruler Hammurabi, accompanied by his judges, sentences Mummar to death. 2 A scribe records the proceedings against Mummar. 3 Mummar pleads for mercy. EXAM I N I NG the  ISSU ES †¢ What should be the main purpose of laws: to promote good behavior or to punish bad behavior? †¢ Do all communities need a system of laws to guide them? Hold a class debate on these questions. As you prepare for the debate, think about what you have leaned about the changes that take place as civilizations grow and become more complex. As you read about the growth of civilization in this chapter, consider why societies developed systems of laws. 28 Chapter 2 1 City-States in Mesopotamia MAIN IDEA INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT The earliest civilization in Asia arose in Mesopotamia and organized into city-states. WHY IT MATTERS NOW The development of this civilization reflects a settlement pattern that has occurred repeatedly throughout history. TERMS & NAMES †¢ Fertile Crescent †¢ Mesopotamia †¢ city-state †¢ dynasty †¢ cultural diffusion †¢ polytheism †¢ empire †¢ Hammurabi SETTING THE STAGE Two rivers flow from the mountains of what is now Turkey, down through Syria and Iraq, and finally to the Persian Gulf. Over six thousand years ago, the waters of these rivers provided the lifeblood that allowed the formation of farming settlements. These grew into villages and then cities. Geography of the Fertile Crescent TAKING NOTES A desert climate dominates the landscape between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia. Yet within this dry region lies an arc of land that provided some of the best farming in Southwest Asia. The region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent. It includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia (MEHS†¢uh†¢puh†¢TAY†¢mee†¢uh). The word in Greek means â€Å"land between the rivers.† The rivers framing Mesopotamia are the Tigris (TY†¢grihs) and Euphrates (yoo†¢FRAY†¢teez). They flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf. (See the map on page 30.) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia at least once a year. As the floodwater receded, it left a thick bed of mud called silt. Farmers planted grain in this rich, new soil and irrigated the fields with river water. The results were large quantities of wheat and barley at harvest time. The surpluses from their harvests allowed villages to grow. Identifying Problems and Solutions Use a chart to identify Sumer’s environmental problems and their solutions. Problems Solutions Environmental Challenges People first began to settle and farm the flat, swampy lands in southern Mesopotamia before 4500 B.C. Around 3300 B.C., the people called the Sumerians, whom you read about in Chapter 1, arrived on the scene. Good soil was the advantage that attracted these settlers. However, there were three disadvantages to their new environment. †¢ Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert. †¢ With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless. †¢ The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce. Early River Valley Civilizations 29

Naturalism in Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Essay

Naturalism in Stephen Crane’s â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets† â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets,† is a novella written by Stephen Crane and published in the year 1893. This work was published during the time of the Industrial Revolution, when factories were appearing everywhere. Their workers were often not paid enough to lead a decent life, and suffered from their situation. They were not very civilized and sometimes aggressive in their behavior. Perhaps because of this radical change from a more agricultural lifestyle to one of industry and factories, some pieces of literature were starting to transition from the classification of Realistic writings to works that are now categorized as works of Naturalism. While the two categories are related, Naturalistic works often are based in urban landscapes and focus upon the poor and less educated; whereas the character focus and settings of Realistic works were ordinary people living in both cities and small towns. Crane’s novella was written right as the literary movement of Realism ended and Naturalism began, and understandably includes elements of both movements. Crane’s story, though, can be concretely set in one category. His story occurs in urban New York. The plot of it is set on a community of its poor residents who cannot change their situation. The themes and tenets used in this work, as well as the aforementioned setting and plot choices, concretely set this novella in the classification of a work of Naturalism. Crane uses foreshadowing to allude to storylines that are created and events that occur later in the story. In the opening of the novella, we are greeted with a scene of a bloody and intense fight. Those involved are mere children, who are fighting intensely and drawing all the blood they can from their adversaries. The names of the neighborhoods from which the boys are from: â€Å"Rum Alley† and â€Å"Devil’s Row†, imply to the reader that the inhabitants are both heavily dependent on alcohol and rough in their personalities. The fact that young children are fighting battles like animals echoes the similar themes of Naturalists portraying the city as a jungle, and its’ inhabitants equal to the animals that occupy it. Crane uses both similes and metaphors to add intensity and detail to his work. His work is peppered with colorful language that allows the reader to perceive an occurrence or characteristic with greater intensity. Crane implies that Maggie is a flower through stating that she â€Å"blossomed in a mud puddle† (ch. 5). When referring to the speed with which Maggie at her food, Crane states that she ate â€Å"like a small pursued tigress† (ch. 2). Later, Jimmie confronted Pete at the bar, and â€Å"snarled like a wild animal† when he threatened Pete into a fight (ch. 11). Soon before the fight, Jimmie, his companion, and Pete stood close together and â€Å"bristled like three roosters† (ch. 11). From these similes and metaphors can be pulled Crane’s portrayal of the city. The use of animal comparisons to refer to the actions of people expose the animal-like and barbaric nature of those described. Crane and other Naturalists used this technique of describing the city as a jungle to present to their readers the reality of city life. The lifestyle and living conditions of the poor were animal-like. They fought one another in a struggle to survive. Whoever was larger was always considered superior over the small. When Pete approaches the brawling children and hits one on the head to stop him from fighting, the young boy â€Å"scrambled to his feet, and perceiving, evidently, the size of his assailant, ran quickly off, shouting alarms† (ch. 1). Crane’s use of diction is also telling of the lifestyle of those living in the Bowery. The characters speech is consistently made up of curses and broken words. It shows that the inhabitants are either poorly educated or uneducated, and lack a civilized lifestyle. The male inhabitants, at least in this story, are constantly challenging another to a fight if he feels insulted by something the other does or says. These traits further demonstrate the uncivilized and animal-like existence of those living there. Crane’s use of characterization helps the reader form ideas or hypotheses about the way a character will act throughout the story. In Chapter One, as Pete is approaching the brawl on the street, he is given the following description: Down the avenue came boastfully sauntering a lad of sixteen years, although the chronic sneer of an ideal manhood already sat upon his lips. His hat was tipped with an air of challenge over his eye. Between his teeth, a cigar stump was tilted at the angle of defiance. He walked with a certain swing of the shoulders which appalled the timid. He glanced over into the vacant lot in which the little raving boys from Devil’s Row seethed about the shrieking and tearful child from Rum Alley. â€Å"Gee! † he murmured with interest. â€Å"A scrap. Gee! † He strode over to the cursing circle, swinging his shoulders in a manner which denoted that he held victory in his fists. He approached at the back of one of the most deeply engaged of the Devil’s Row children. Ah, what deh hell,† he said, and smote the deeply-engaged one on the back of the head. This description of Pete portrays him as a person with a lot of confidence and one that sees himself as having authority over others and can do what he would like. â€Å"Maggie† is a story that is pessimistic. It is not only a story of a character who ultimately succumbs to her situation by becoming a prostitute because she feels she has no other way if supporting herself, but also one of the horrible conditions of the lower class. The residents of the area are â€Å"stuck† in the same situation of those who before them and cannot change. This is especially seen in Jimmie, because when he gets older, he adopts the same traits his father had. The story also is detached. Crane is merely telling the story. He does not intrude upon the writing by stating that anything was right or wrong. In every situation that could render an opinion or analysis by the author, Crane does not interject with his ideas or thoughts about what is happening: he merely tells the story as it happened with no feeling toward it. He states something as it is and does not embellish it. When Tommie dies, it is stated exactly as it is: â€Å"The babe, Tommie, died† (ch. ). No sad reminisces about his life or the â€Å"tragedy† of his death is given. He does not judge the characters. Naturalist writers often gave very detailed accounts of situations in their stories, but left judgment and interpretation to the reader. Tied to the fates of the characters is the story’s theme of â€Å"survival of the fittest†. The baby, Tommie, dies because he is too weak to survive. The same is the case for Maggie: she is dependent upon Pete for support. When she no longer has a relationship with him, she succumbs to her lowly situation and dies before her mother and Jimmie. Jimmie and his mother survive because they have the toughness to endure the rough lifestyle that living in the city requires. Violence and aggression are persistent themes throughout â€Å"Maggie. † The novella opens with a violent fight scene. When Jimmie returns home from the fight, his mother is furious and angrily scrubs him raw while washing the blood from the fight off of him. Pete, when breaking up the fight that Jimmie was in, just hits one of the kids on the head instead of speaking. Jimmie fights Pete when he discovers he has ruined his sister. While Pete leads Maggie through a crowded sidewalk, he threatens to fight some who are in their way. This aggression is another way that Crane implies to the reader that the city is a jungle and those who reside in it are animals. A final similar theme of â€Å"Maggie† and other works written in the time of Naturalism is the use of irony. The first instance of it occurs after Jimmie tells his mother Maggie had â€Å"gone to the devil,† which is a phrase the novella uses for having premarital sex. She curses Maggie for a bit, the says â€Å"†Ah, who would t’ink such a bad girl could grow up in our fambly† (ch. 0). This is a statement of great irony, because the environment Maggie grew up in was horrible, and her family was by no means a good one. A second instance of this occurs when Jimmie comes home to report â€Å"Mag’s dead† (ch. 19). His alcoholic and abusive mother wildly mourns the death of her daughter. A group of mourners arrive at the apartment, and one of the women tells her â€Å"†Yeh’ll fergive her, Mary! Yeh’ll fergive yer bad, bad, chil’! Her life was a curse an’ her days were black an’ yeh’ll fergive yer bad girl? She’s gone where her sins will be judged†Ã¢â‚¬  (ch. 19). She responds by stating she would. This again reflects irony by the fact that, in the household she grew up in it was hard not to commit a sin. (Word Count: 1617) Crane’s novella reflects themes and techniques commonly used in Naturalistic writings. The writers whose works were considered from the era of Naturalism all had common themes and tenets that characterized their stories. Through the use of these literary devices the authors were able to paint a picture of the lives of the members of the lowest class and bring their readers to realize the reality of the world in which they lived.

Human Resources Task 1

Task #1 – JDT2 Memo to CEO To CEO: As you may be aware, the company is currently facing a lawsuit brought about by a former employee, Mr. X. He is claiming that under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII he has been a victim of â€Å"constructive discharge† since we have changed the company’s working schedule policy to a four day rotational shift. Constructive discharge or forcing an employee to resign by making the work environment so intolerable a reasonable person would not be able to stay (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012). is illegal according to U. S. law. Mr. X states that since we have gone to the four day rotational schedule, his religious beliefs are being infringed upon since he would have to work on his religious â€Å"holy day†. According to U. S. law, the company does have an obligation to accommodate Mr. X’s request. The law requires an employer to reasonably accommodate an employee's religious beliefs or practices, un less doing so would cause difficulty or expense for the employer. (EEOC, 2012).I would like to make the following recommendations regarding this situation. First, deny any wrong doing based upon the following: 1. Mr. X neglected to notify anyone within the company of his religious status, in other words he did not establish one of the key components of prima facie (Leagle, n. d. ). Had Mr. X made the company aware of his religious beliefs, it might have been possible to make allowable accommodations for him. 2. Mr. X was not subjected to intolerable conditions during his employment, which is also another component.A constructive discharge occurs when a person quits his or her job under circumstances in which a reasonable person would feel that the conditions of employment have become intolerable. (Liebert Cassidy Whitmore, 2002). 3. If the Mr. X was unable to agree to the reasonable accommodations put forth by the company, then the company would sustain â€Å"undue hardship† (Justia, 1982) by requiring the added expense and time to hire a temporary employee to cover Mr. X’s shift. Secondly, to avoid any legal issues around Title VII or the Civil Rights Act of 1964 I recommend implementing a â€Å"best practices† policy.According to the Society for Human Resource Management, â€Å"Employers should adopt â€Å"best practices† to reduce the likelihood of discrimination and to address impediments to equal employment opportunity. † (Society for Human Resource Management, 2011). Possible practices to be implemented could include written criteria for hiring, standardized questioning, proper record keeping, management training, publicized anti-harassment policy, allowing non-disruptive religious expression and proactively intervening in possible conflict. (EEOC, 2012). References EEOC. 2012). Prohibited Employment Policies/Practices. Retrieved from http://www. eeoc. gov/laws/practices/index. cfm EEOC. (2012). Prohibited Employment Po licies/Practices. Retrieved from http://www. eeoc. gov/laws/practices/index. cfm EEOC. (2012). Best Practices for Eradicating Religious Discrimination in the Workplace http://www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/best_practices_religion. html Leagle. (n. d. ) Jerrold S. HELLER v. EBB AUTO CO. , Retrieved from http://www. leagle. com/xmlResult. aspx? xmldoc=19891863774P2d1089_11857. x ml=CSLWAR2-1986-2006Liebert Cassidy Whitmore. (2002, August 10). Court Concludes There Was No Constructive Discharge Due to Religious Beliefs. Retrieved from http://lcwlegal. com/64957 Justia. (1982, March 22). Marvin Brener v. Diagnostic Center Hospital. Retrieved from http://law. justia. com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/671/141/442160/## Society for Human Resource Management. (2012) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. EEOC Retrieved from http://www. shrm. org/LegalIssues/FederalResources/FederalStatutesRegulationsan dGuidanc/Pages/TitleVIIoftheCivilRightsActof1964. aspx

Hamlet as a Critical Study Essay

Why is Hamlet still relevant to our studies regardless of the centuries that have passed since its production? Is it worthy in continuing to be a critical study? The reinterpretation that Shakespeare created of Hamlet was based on a number of previous plays including the 12th century Danish Amleth, both these plays are situated around the main theme of being revenge tragedies. The prime aspect of why Hamlet will continue to be relevant as a critical study is due to the themes that the play is centralised around such as existentialism, corruption and illusion vs. eality. These universal themes engage audiences of any society, even four centuries later, creating a timeless classic. The literary devices utilised within the play, such as the iambic pentameter, antithetical language and word play create an engaging atmosphere which captures the imagination of any audience making it worthy of a critical study. The ambiguity, open ended, and unanswered questions that Shakespeare utilises leaves the audience open to interpretation, thus allowing the play to relate to the specific context to which it is being viewed and studied. This makes it worthy of a critical study as a personal response is erected and the audience is emotionally involved with the play as they find common grounds with the universality of themes and notions presented. This can be seen through differing productions of Hamlet such as Damien Ryans play and Tony Richardsons film, which are directed to sustain an audiences engagement regardless of the context. Shakespeare uses techniques such as metatheatre and a mouse-trap to further engage the audience and reflect on himself respectively as the audience can see that both Shakespeare and Hamlet use the theatricality of the play to withdraw emotion from their selected audience. Through these techniques and thematic concerns, along with the central plot, it is shown why Hamlet is worthy of critical study. Act I Scene V of Hamlet serves as a key scene in the play as it is when Hamlet is commanded by the ghost to revenge his â€Å"foul and most unnatural murder. † In this scene Hamlet is told that Claudius is to blame for the death of his father and the ghost exhorts Hamlet to seek revenge, telling him that Claudius has corrupted Denmark and corrupted Gertrude, having taken her from the pure love of her first marriage and seduced her in the foul lust of their incestuous union. Corruption is exposed within this scene due to the focus that the ghost sets on Gertrude and her domestic affairs rather than the political state that Denmark is undergoing. The ghost has exposed himself to Hamlet for the first and last time as the audience is told, and rather than focusing on the political state of the country as the honourable king would do, the ghost insists on complaining about his beloved Gertrude marrying his brother, the ghost even says â€Å"Let not the royal bed of Denmark be a couch for luxury and damned incest†. This represents corruption as the audience would have expectations of the original king to have a higher concentration for the future of his country rather than the scandalous affairs of his widow. An act of corruption is also exposed to the audience when Hamlet learns that Claudius, the machiavellian character, has performed the shocking act of killing a king also known as regicide, the ghost explains Claudius to be â€Å"the serpent which did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown† which presents the contextual view of regicide, as he portrays him in a negative manner. Contextually, the Elizabethans watching the play would have found these acts of treason completely taboo and unacceptable emphasising the density of corruption in the scene and even to this day, such acts of treason have a severe penalty as they are completely deplorable. Through this we can see the significance of the situation and how it relates to any context making it worthy of a critical study. In two contrasting productions of Hamlet, the ghost is presented in two opposing views entirely. In Damian Ryan’s production, the ghost is introduced to the audience in a ripped up, run down trench coat, he is barefoot and wrapped in a rope. The ghost is presented to us as exhausted and weak, contrary to the king that he was before. Damian Ryan choses to portray the ghost in a modest way in comparison to the way he dressed when he was king. The use of these costume and props may serve as a representation of the after life to the audience in explaining that after death, it does not matter whether a man dies a king or a peasant, in the after life all will be the same. The lighting that is used during this scene is spotlight focusing directly on the ghost himself making him the main point of interest yet sometimes it was clearly seen that the light would travel both in front and behind him representing the purgatory state that the ghost was in as he was in a phase of in-between where the ghost had not entirely crossed over yet. Through the lighting this was portrayed to the audience, showing the lighting and film techniques create representations of what idea may be desired to be presented. In contrast to this, in the Tony Richardson adaptation of Hamlet, the ghost is not even seen by the audience. What can be assumed though, is that the ghost appeared in armour as Horatio states â€Å"yes, my lord, he wore his beaver up. † the ghost being presented in armour opposes the ghost in Damian Ryan’s production as in the film, this representation may present the king as a symbol of authority even after his death. We are also told that the ghost is wearing the same armour the king wore during the last battle he fought against Fortinbras, this presents symbolism as the king is shown as a influential character, not presented as weak because of purgatory. Taking into consideration that the king set the play into motion therefore the audience is aware of the influence he carries. A film technique that was used in Tony Richardsons production was the absence of the kings figure. Although the audience was aware of his presence, we are never exposed to him. This raises further ambiguity over the reality of the ghost presenting the idea of illusion and reality. An intricate web of illusions vs reality is also depicted in this scene as the notion of a ghost or apparition appearing to someone was not a complete surprise during the Elizabethan era, but during this context, a spiritual form appearing could mean several distinct ideas. When a ghost appeared, people believed it could either be an angry spirit seeking revenge, a devil in disguise as a trustworthy figure or simply a projection of one’s imagination. However Hamlet seems to be surprised at the sight of his passed father standing before him but why is this? Ambiguity is raised in this scene as the audience questions whether the ghost is Hamlets imagination or the real spirit of King Hamlet reaching out to his son. Due to the Elizabethan audience that the play was originally written for, a religious view must be taken into consideration, the main religions circling at the time were the Protestants, who believed ghosts were a figment of imagination and the Catholics who believed they were real spirits. The ambiguity of this scene is left in question as we know from Horatio, Bernardo and Francisco that the ghost was real and not simply Hamlets imagination because the ghost had appeared to them, in contrast to the ghost being invisible to Hamlets mother later in the play. This all depicts illusion vs reality as the audience is left questioning what is real and what isn’t leaving the unanswered questions open to be interpreted. Therefore, building a personal response to the reality of the ghost, making it worthy of a critical study. A literary device employed by Shakespeare in the scene is the iambic pentameter, throughout the play the audience learns that through the presentation of a characters speech, the interest or the state of mind can be easily depicted by Shakespeare’s device. When a character is speaking in prose, they are completely engaged in the conversation and the rhythmic flow creates a certain interest with both the audience and the character they are conversing with. In this scene, the ghost clearly speaks to Hamlet in prose, this is due to the notion that what the ghost is confiding in Hamlet is clearly important and the use of the iambic pentameter creates a flow of interest so that both the audience, and Hamlet are engaged in what is being spoken. Contrary to this, Hamlet replies in single sentences such as â€Å"Murder! â€Å", although this does not necessarily mean that Hamlet is disinterested, it could present the idea that Hamlet’s mind is too preoccupied with gathering the many thoughts that the ghost has presented. From this literary device, it is clearly illustrated that Hamlet is clearly slightly confused and shocked, trying to process his thoughts. Although the audience is not told this, a personal response would suggest this idea as the ambiguity that is presented. Through this personal response it is clearly shown that Hamlet will continue to be worthy of a critical study. This point in the play can be considered the pivotal event and sets the main plot into notion, also developing the main character of Hamlet as the ambiguity created between the contrasting themes of illusion and reality. It is directly after this scene that Hamlet starts to feign madness in the play and although the audience is well aware of the reality that Hamlet is merely alluding everyone into believing he is mad, the characters in the play start to question his sanity. This shows Hamlet to be an enigmatic character as there is always more to him than the characters in the play can figure out. Hamlet is presented as overly analytical and indecisive during the attempts to avenge the death of his father. Throughout the play, Hamlet is always held back by his consideration of religion, beliefs and the notion of doubt regarding the honesty of the ghost. A view into the mindset of Hamlet is presented though his thoughts and actions as we can see the existentialist character build within him. We see him often think about the afterlife and questioning the quality of someone’s afterlife according to his moment of death, we even see Hamlet contemplate suicide. â€Å"The everlasting had not fix’d his cannon gainst self-slaughter† shows the struggle within Hamlet as he despises his life’s conditions of the moment and wishes he could end it. The character Hamlet is aware of morals and knows that suicide would lead to hell, therefore he would rather live in â€Å"an unweeded garden† rather than suffer the consequences. Another way the audience is exposed to why Hamlet is a person of morals is due to the desire to avenge his father, although this is carried out by a recurring impossibility. Yet, when Hamlet returns from his uncompleted trip to England, we can see the character more determined on Claudius’s death than any other part of the play, he realises he must serve action. Hamlet presents a serious intent to end his inaction and indecisiveness when he proclaims â€Å"O, from this time forth my thoughts be bloody ore be nothing worth† explaining to the audience that his main focus will be revenge on Claudius to avenge his father. Although Hamlet is portrayed as the anti-hero in the play, and the audience create a personal response of frustration at his inaction and over thinking, he is eventually successful in overcoming the in-action and finally seeking what was asked of him by his father. Hamlet becomes aware that the indecisiveness is due to a lack of self determination and starts focusing solely on revenge.